Which of the following is an appropriate indication for preoperative pulmonary embolism prophylaxis?

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Preventing postoperative venous thromboembolism relies on recognizing factors that raise clotting risk in the perioperative period. Pregnancy creates a hypercoagulable state and venous stasis, which elevates the risk of DVT and PE, especially as the pregnancy progresses and around the time of delivery. Hip replacement surgery is a high-risk orthopedic procedure for VTE because of substantial venous stasis, endothelial injury, and extended immobilization after surgery. A history of prior DVT markedly increases the likelihood of recurrence in the perioperative setting, making prophylaxis more strongly indicated. When these risk factors are present, implementing VTE prophylaxis—whether mechanical methods like compression devices or pharmacologic measures such as heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin (chosen based on bleeding risk and other contraindications)—is appropriate. Therefore, all of these scenarios are indications to consider preoperative pulmonary embolism prophylaxis.